See also Religion Notes Index.
Passions of Christ, the following episodes
are usually included:
See: Hans Holbein The Passion
of Christ.
On the Mount of Olives (Matthew 26:30-35; Mark 14:26-31; Luke
21:39-45).
Following the Last Supper Jesus with his disciples went to the
mount of Olives. Then Jesus said to them that ‘tonight you will all lose
faith because of me; for it is written: “I will strike the shepherd and
the sheep of the flock will be scattered.” But after I am raised, I shall
go ahead of you into Galilee.' Peter replied, ‘Everyone else may
lose faith because of you, but I never will’. And Jesus answered,
that ‘tonight before the cock crows you will disown me three times.’ (Matthew
26: 31-35).
See: Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
The
Prayer on the Mount of Olives.
Agony in the Garden, after the Mount of Olives, Jesus went up
to the Garden of Gethsemane. He took with him Peter, James and John. He
prayed there to his father Lord, begging him to release him from crucifixion.
In painting this episode is often depicted with three apostles asleep,
while Jesus is praying, with an angel to console Him. The chalice or cup
mentioned by Christ in His prayer, "if this cup may not pass away from
me, except I drink it" (Matthew 26:42), finds its place in the hand of
the angel, sometimes the angel also carries a cross.
See: Albrecht Altdorfer The
Agony in the Garden.
Fra Angelico. Agony in the
Garden.
Nikolay Gay Christ and the
Disciples Going out into the Garden of Gethsemane after the Last Supper.
Aert de Gelder. Christ
in the Garden of Gethsemane.
El Greco The Agony in the Garden,
The
Agony in the Garden.
Jan Gossaert. The Agony in
the Garden.
Hans Holbein the Elder The
Agony in the Garden.
Andrea Mantegna. Agony in
the Garden.
Pontormo. The Agony in the
Garden.
Paolo Veronese. Christ
in the Garden. Agony in the Garden.
Arrest of Christ, this event is usually divided into two episodes:
the Kiss of Judas, by which the traitor showed the wanted man, Jesus,
and the arrest itself. After the arrest the disciples flee. The tradition
links Judas’ betrayal to Cain’s murder of his brother Abel.
See: Hieronymus Bosch Arrest of
Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane.
Caravaggio The
Betrayal of Christ.
Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
The
Betrayal by Judas, Maestà:
The
Seizing of Jesus.
Anthony van Dyck The
Arrest of Christ.
Fra Angelico. Arrest of
Christ.
Giotto The Kiss of Judas.
The
Betrayal of Judas.
Russian Icon. The Flagellation
of Christ. Taking Christ into Captivity. Bearing the Cross. The Crusifixion.
Trial of Jesus. After the arrest, Christ
was handed over to the jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin. First, He is brought
in front of Annas (John 18:12-23), the father-in-law of the high
priest
Caiaphas.
After interrogation he then sent Jesus to Caiaphas.
(Matthew 26:57-68; Mark 14:53-65; Luke 22:66-71). Christ in answer to Caiaphas's
questions said that he was the awaited Messiah and the Son of the God.
Caiaphas constituted that Jesus was guilty in blasphemy, punishable in
Jewish law by death.
See: Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
Jesus
Before Annas, Maestà:
Jesus
Before Caiaphas, Maestà:
Jesus
Accused by the Pharisees.
Giotto Christ Before Caiphus.
After interrogation Caiaphas handed Him over to the guards, who beat
him, spat into his face and mocked him. This episode is treated separately
in art as Christ Mocked.
See: Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
Jesus Mocked.
Fra Angelico. The Mockery
of Christ.
Matthias Grünewald The
Mocking of Christ.
Jan Sanders van Hemessen. Christ
Mocked.
The guards brought Christ to the Roman governor of Judaea, Pontius
Pilate. After interrogation Pilate could “find no fault in this man”
and sent Him, since He was Galilean, to Herod, the then King of Galilee.
This last mocked Christ and sent Him back to Pilate, who proposed to release
Him. But the high priests present cried that Christ should be crucified,
while the other man, Barabbas, who was under the trial for murder simultaneously
with Christ, should be released on the spot. Pilate then washed his hands,
saying “I am innocent of the blood of this just person; he then released
Barabbas, had Jesus scourged, and handed him over for crucifixion.
See: Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
Jesus
Before Pontius Pilate, Maestà:
Jesus
Before King Herod, Maestà:
Pontius
Pilate’s Second Interrogation of Christ,
Maestà:
Pontius
Pilate Washing his Hands.
Nikolay Gay "Quod Est Veritas?"
Christ and Pilate.
Pontormo. Christ Standing
before Pilate.
Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto. Christ
before Pilate.
Flagellation and Crowning with
Thorns, this episode takes place after interrogation by Pilate, who
washes his hands and delivers Jesus over to soldiers, who beat Him with
whips stuck with lead and fragments of bone; after that the soldiers dress
Him in purple, give Him a reed sceptre and put on His head a crown made
of thorns, then they marched past Him, shouting “Hail, King of Jews!”
See: Hieronymus Bosch Christ Crowned
with Thorns, Christ Crowned with Thorns.
William-Adolphe Bouguereau.
The Flagellation of Christ.
Caravaggio Flagellation
of Christ, The Flagellation
of Christ.
Petrus Christus Chtist
as the Man of Sorrows.
Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
The
Flagellation, Maestà:
The
Crown of Thorns.
Albrecht Dürer Christ
as the Man of Sorrows.
Anthony van Dyck The
Crowning with Thorns.
Fra Angelico. Flagellation.
Giotto. The Mocking
of Christ and Flagellation.
Ivan Kramskoy. Mocking
Christ. "Hail, King of the Jews!".
Piero della Francesca. Flagellation.
Jusepe de Ribera. Christ
in the Crown of Thorns.
Russian Icon. The Flagellation
of Christ. Taking Christ into Captivity. Bearing the Cross. The Crusifixion.
Luca Signorelli. The
Flagellation.
Titian Christ Crowned with Thorns.
Ecce Homo, Latin for “Behold the man”, words
of Pontius Pilate. The episode occurs after Jesus’ Flagellation and the
Crowning with Thorns. As the soldiers jeer at Christ “Hail, King of the
Jews!” Pilate announces that he is about to produce the accused to the
high priests and says “Behold the man!”. When they see Christ they all
cry out that he should be crucified.
See: Hieronymus Bosch Ecce Homo,
Ecce
Homo.
Caravaggio Ecce
Homo.
Honore Daumier. Ecce Homo.
Aert de Gelder. Ecce
Homo.
Rembrandt. Christ
Shown to the People.
Titian Ecce Homo,
Ecce
Homo.
Carrying the Cross and Crucifixion,
the execution for slaves in Ancient Rome. Christ was commanded to carry
His cross to the place of execution on the mount of Calvary.
See: Hieronymus Bosch Christ
Carrying the Cross, Christ Carrying
the Cross, Christ Carrying the Cross,
Christ
Carrying the Cross.
William-Adolphe Bouguereau.
Christ Meeting His Mother on the Way to Calvary.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The
Procession to Calvary.
Maurice Denis. The Road to Calvary/Montée
au calvaire ou Le Calvaire.
Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
The
Road to Calvary.
El Greco. Christ
Carrying the Cross.
Fra Angelico. Christ Carrying
the Cross.
Giotto. The Carrying
of the Cross.
Lorenzo Lotto The Carrying
of the Cross.
Pontormo. The Ascent to
Calvary.
Russian Icon. The Flagellation
of Christ. Taking Christ into Captivity. Bearing the Cross. The Crusifixion.
Martin Schongauer. The
Carrying of the Cross.
Christ Stripped of His Clothes is the scene which preceded the
crucifixion itself. The soldiers cast lots for His clothes and tear off
His garments.
See: El Greco The Disrobing
of Christ.Disrobing
of Christ.
Crucifixion. At Golgotha Jesus was crucified. A sign above His
head said that Crucified was “Jesus of Nazareth the King of the Jews”.
A crowd gathered, near to the Cross stood Christ’s mother, the Virgin,
his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene”. (John
19:25) There are three crosses on Golgotha: that of Christ, and those of
two thieves on the left and on the right of Him.
See: Albrecht Altdorfer Crucifixion,The
Crucifixion.
Altichiero da Zevio. Crucifixion.
Antonello da Messina. Crucifixion.
Crusifixion.
Hans Baldung The Crucifixion.
Giovanni Bellini. Crucifixion.
Herri Met de Bles. Procession
to Golgotha.
Hieronymus Bosch Christ on Cross
with Donors and Saints.
Jan Brueghel the Elder. The
Great Calvary.
Andrea del Castagno. Crucifixion.
Crucifixion.
Crucifixion
and Saints.
Pietro Cavallini.
Crucifixion.
Francesco del Cossa. The Crucifixion.
Lucas Cranach the Elder The
Crucifixion, The Crucifixion
with the Converted Centurion.
Gerard David. The Crucifixion.
Jacques-Louis David.
Christ on
the Cross.
Maurice Denis. The Offertory at
Calvary/Offrande au Calvaire.
Dionysius. The Crucifixion.
Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
The
Crucifixion.
Giusto de' Menabuoi.
The Crucifixion.
El Greco. Christ
on the Cross with Landscapes.
Jan van Eyck The Crucifixion.
Hubert and Jan van Eyck The Crucifixion.
The Last Judgment.
Fra Angelico. Christ on
the Cross Adored by St. Dominic. Christ
Being Nailed to the Cross. St.
Dominic with the Crucifix - Piercing of the Christ's Side.
Nikolay Gay The Calvary.
Giotto. The Crucifixion.
El Greco Christ on Cross Adored
by Two Donors.
Maerten Jacobsz van Heemskerch. Golgotha.
Golgotha.
Andrea Mantegna. Calvary.
Masaccio Crucifixion.
Matthias Grünewald Crucifixion,
Crucifixion,
The
Small Crucifixion.
Hans Memling Crucifixion.
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo Crucifixion.
Pietro Perugino. The
Crucifixion with the Virgin, St. John, St. Jerome and St. Mary Magdalene.
Pablo Picasso. Crucifixion.
Piero della Francesca. Crucifixion.
Nicolas Poussin. The
Crucifixion.
Raphael Crucifixion.
Rembrandt. The
Raising of the Cross.
Peter Paul Rubens Christ on
the Cross, The Elevation of the Cross.
Russian Icon. The Flagellation
of Christ. Taking Christ into Captivity. Bearing the Cross. The Crusifixion.
Luca Signorelli. The
Crucifixion with St. Mary Magdalen. Crucifixion.
Simone Martini. The
Road to Calvary.
Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto. Crucifixion.
Titian Crucifixion.
Diego Velázquez. Christ
Crucified.
Rogier van der Weyden Crucifixion
Triptych, Crucifixion, Crucifixion
Diptych, Crucifixion.
Francisco de ZurbaránCrucifixion.
Lamentation (also Deposition, Pieta)
– after Jesus’ death, Joseph of Arimathea obtained Pilate's permission
to bury His body. The closest people took the body from the cross, washed
it and buried in a new tomb, not yet used for burial; and there, since
it was the eve of the Jewish Sabbath, they laid Jesus. (John19:38-42).
See: Sofonisba Anguissola.
Pieta.
Hans Baldung The Lamentation.
Giovanni Bellini. Pietà.
Pietà.
Lamentation
over the Dead Christ. Pesaro Altarpiece.
Pietà.
Pietà.
Alessandro Botticelli Lamentation
over the Dead Christ.
Agnolo Bronzino. Pieta with
Mary Magdalene. Lamentation.
Descent
from the Cross and Lamentation.
Lamentation.
Pieta.
Cima da Conegliano. The Deposition.
Gerard David. The Virgin
Embracing the Dead Christ. The
Deposition.
Eugène Delacroix Pieta.
Duccio di Buoninsegna. Maestà:
The
Deposition.
Albrecht Dürer Lamentation
for Christ.
Jean Fouquet. Pieta.
Fra Angelico. The Deposition.
Lamentation
over the Dead Christ.
Giotto Lamentation.
Hugo van der Goes The Lamentation
(The Three Marys and John the Evangelist), The
Lamentation.
Jan Gossaert. Descent from
the Cross.
Benozzo Gozzoli. Descent
from the Cross.
Jacob Jordaens. Pieta.
Filippino Lippi and Pietro Perugino. The
Deposition from the Cross, Filippino Lippi. Pieta.
Pietro Lorenzetti. The
Deposition.
Quentin Massys. Lamentation.
Michelangelo Pieta,
Pieta,
Pieta
Rondanini.
Pietro Perugino. Pietà,
Lamentation
Over the Dead Christ, Pieta.
Pontormo. Lamentation.
Deposition
of Christ.
Nicolas Poussin The
Lamentation over Christ, The Lamentation
over Christ, Descend from the Cross.
Rembrandt. The
Descent from the Cross, The
Descent from the Cross, The
Descent from the Cross.
Peter Paul Rubens The Lamentation,
The
Descent from the Cross,
Jusepe de Ribera. The
Deposition.
Simone Martini. The
Deposition.
Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto. Deposition
of the Christ.
Cosme Tura. Pietà.
Pietà.
Paolo Veronese. Lamentation
of Christ. The Dead Christ
Supported by Two Mourning Angels.
Mikhail Vrubel. Pietà.,
Pietà.
Rogier van der Weyden Deposition,
Lamentation
of Christ, Pieta, Lamentation
of Christ, Lamentation.
Bibliography:
Jesus
According to Scripture: Restoring the Portrait from the Gospels
by Darrell L. Bock. Baker Academic, 2002.
Studying
the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods by Darrell
L. Bock. Baker Academic, 2002.
Jesus
According to Paul by Victor Paul Furnish (Author). Cambridge
University Press, 1994.
The
Faith of Jesus Christ: The Narrative Substructure of Galatians 3:1-4:11
(The Biblical Resource Series) by Richard B. Hays, Luke Timothy Johnson.
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001.
The
Nazarene by Sholem Asch, Maurice Samuel (Translator), Herbert
Lockyer. Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1996.
The
Gospel According to the Son by Norman Mailer. Ballantine Books,
1999.
Parables
of Jesus by James Montgomery Boice. Moody Publishers, 1983.
The
Historical Figure of Jesus by E. P. Sanders. Penguin Books,
1996.
The
Historical Jesus : The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant
by John Dominic Crossan. Harper San Francisco, 1993.
Jesus
of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity
by Paula Fredriksen. Vintage Books USA, 2000.
From
Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus
(Yale Nota Bene) by Paula Fredriksen. Yale University Press, 2000.
Jesus
and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig Blomberg.
Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1997.